Indo-European - definição. O que é Indo-European. Significado, conceito
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O que (quem) é Indo-European - definição

LANGUAGE FAMILY NATIVE TO WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EURASIA
Indo-Germanic; Indo-Germanic languages; Indo-germanic languages; Indo-germanic; Indo-European family; Indo-European Languages; Indo-European language family; IE family; I.E. family; I. E. family; I-E family; I.-E. family; IE group; IE Group; IE languages; IE Languages; IE language family; IE Language Family; Indo-european language family; Indo european; Indo European; Indo-Germanic race; Indo-european language group; Indo-European people; North Indo-European; Indoeuropean languages; Indo europian languages; Indo-Europeans; Indo-European language; Indo-European family of languages; Indo-European peoples; Indogermanic; Indo-Germanic language; Indo European language; Indo-European; Classification of Indo-European language; Indo European languages; Indo-european languages; ISO 639:ine; Indo-European languages family; Spread of Indo-European languages; Balto-Slavo-Germanic; Balto-Slavo-Germanic languages; Indo-European languages language; Indo-European linguistic group; History of Indo-European linguistics
  • Dutch]]}}
  • [[Franz Bopp]] was a pioneer in the field of comparative linguistic studies.
  • Countries where Indo-European language family is not official}}
  •  Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c.&nbsp;4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held [[Kurgan hypothesis]].<br>– Center: Steppe cultures<br>1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE)<br>2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE)<br>3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE)<br>4A (black): Western Corded Ware<br>4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers<br>5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware<br>5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian)<br>6 (magenta): Andronovo<br>7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani)<br>7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India)<br>[NN] (dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic<br>8 (grey): Greek<br>9 (yellow):Iranians<br>– [not drawn]: Armenian, expanding from western steppe
  • Pink: languages with instrumental, dative and ablative plural endings (and some others) in *-m- rather than *-bh-}}
  • Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al. <ref name=chang/>
  • Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation

Indo-European         
¦ noun
1. the ancestral Proto-Indo-European language.
2. the family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India.
3. a speaker of an Indo-European language, especially Proto-Indo-European.
¦ adjective relating to or denoting Indo-European.
Indo-European         
·add. ·- A member of one of the Caucasian races of Europe or India speaking an Indo-European language.
II. Indo-European ·adj Aryan;
- applied to the languages of India and Europe which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also, pertaining to the people or nations who speak these languages; as, the Indo-European or Aryan family.
Indo-Germanic         
¦ noun & adjective former term for Indo-European.

Wikipédia

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch, and Spanish, have expanded through colonialism in the modern period and are now spoken across several continents. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, of which there are eight groups with languages still alive today: Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic; and another nine subdivisions that are now extinct.

Today, the individual Indo-European languages with the most native speakers are English, Hindi–Urdu, Spanish, Bengali, French, Russian, Portuguese, German, and Punjabi, each with over 100 million native speakers; many others are small and in danger of extinction.

In total, 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion people) speaks an Indo-European language as a first language — by far the highest of any language family. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to an estimate by Ethnologue, with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch.

All Indo-European languages are descended from a single prehistoric language, linguistically reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European, spoken sometime in the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. The geographical location where it was spoken, the Proto-Indo-European homeland, has been the object of many competing hypotheses; the academic consensus supports the Kurgan hypothesis, which posits the homeland to be the Pontic–Caspian steppe in what is now Ukraine and southern Russia, associated with the Yamnaya culture and other related archaeological cultures during the 4th millennium BC to early 3rd millennium BC. By the time the first written records appeared, Indo-European had already evolved into numerous languages spoken across much of Europe, South Asia, and part of Western Asia. Written evidence of Indo-European appeared during the Bronze Age in the form of Mycenaean Greek and the Anatolian languages of Hittite and Luwian. The oldest records are isolated Hittite words and names — interspersed in texts that are otherwise in the unrelated Akkadian language, a Semitic language — found in texts of the Assyrian colony of Kültepe in eastern Anatolia dating to the 20th century BC. Although no older written records of the original Proto-Indo-European population remain, some aspects of their culture and their religion can be reconstructed from later evidence in the daughter cultures. The Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as it possesses the second-longest recorded history of any known family, after the Afroasiatic family in the form of the pre-Arab Egyptian language and the Semitic languages. The analysis of the family relationships between the Indo-European languages, and the reconstruction of their common source, was central to the development of the methodology of historical linguistics as an academic discipline in the 19th century.

The Indo-European family is not known to be linked to any other language family through any more distant genetic relationship, although several disputed proposals to that effect have been made.

Exemplos do corpo de texto para Indo-European
1. Kurdish is an Indo–European language unrelated to Turkish, though it contains many Turkish words.
2. Armenian belongs to a branch of the Indo–European family of languages and has a unique 3'–character script.
3. While private language schools can teach Kurdish –– an Indo–European language unrelated to Turkish –– the only language of instruction in schools is Turkish.
4. Iran is populated predominantly by Shiites who are Persian, an Indo–European ethnic group, while Iraq is predominantly Arab and its Shiite majority has long been repressed.
5. Their language, Euskera, which is spoken regularly by about 40 percent of Basque inhabitants, bears no relation to any other Indo–European tongue and dates back to before the Romans arrived in Spain.